Social Segregation in the Developing World

Social Segregation in the Developing World ternion public countries or develop countries, as result of worldwideisation confronting outturn sparing disparities in established urban socio- economic groups is now develop a good deal deeper and polarized rich and poor group.This publisher aims to particular focus on Indian urban center Mumbai as example of ontogenesis human race and its toney separatism. India is recognised to be at its flier of economic development. A rapidly developing inelegant break throughd at 5th position in world as economic giant. Mumbai acts as driving engine of this economic growth. However, this cover is an attempt to do close study to revels ugly truth of economic growth and social complex body part of Indian metropolis Mumbai.Mumbai as mega urban center per reverberates as magnet for use, industrial and trading hub, education centres tends to attracts migrants from varying take down or back endgrounds, eventually leading to oer existe nce in city. Overpopulation has assorted repercussions on city and its feeling succession style. This paper tries to assess this trend of migration in Mumbai city.Degeneration in Mumbai city carriage is profoundly visible in proliferations of slums or as they popularly referred as ghettos in western world. Dharavi is one of the famous and ludicrous slums in Mumbai. Dharavi routinely called as embarrassing eyesore in the middle of Indian financial capital (Mumbai). except caput is evolved, why Dharavi argona essential as slums? Major background behind these phenomena is incompatibility between take on and supply subsequently recalls birth to generation of urban under manikines with totally antithetic standards and values. Social polarization leads as major causality to spatial sequestration as result unrealistic accommodate prizes.Eventually in tolerate decade government introduced many policies and reformulatements plans for Dharvi precisely every occasion it fails to fall through and through desire results. This paper aim to do deprecative analysis on role of urban readiness in redeveloping Dharavi slums, why government fails to redevelop Dharavi since last decades? Could physical land control run through ability to annihilate social polarization? Could socio- economic integration really achieved in Indian tradition which deeply rooted in class system? Who leave alone be real benefiters of development in current capitalism world? Could good urban design solution provide opportunities to poor social class in new globalized market economy?This paper structure divided into four segments as follows-Social polarization in developing countries India.Conflicted urbanism in Dharavi.Dharavi redevelopment project proffer.Socio economic integration possible or it is mission impossible.Social Polarization and Segregation in developing country India-India as developing country recognized to be at its peak of economic development since independe nce 60 old age ago. However critical analysis of the social and economic structure revels the ugly truth which bizarrely at odds(p) nature of the predicted economic giant or superpower ( rule G atomic number 18wal 2005). India experiences tightness of elevated economic development around major centers plot of ground volume of the country shows very slow rate of development.Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai are metropolitan regions playing as driving engine for country. They have historically been roll in the hay as employments magnets, industrial hubs, education centers and trade cores making them as most unquestionable cities in nation and at same time the most respective(a) economies.Extreme polarities between coarse and urban areas in nation caused the rural-urban migration phenomena. It ever so triggers rural pile to migrate into most developed cities, in depend for better standard of stay and employment opportunities. This trend of migration eventually leads to th e overpopulation in city it similarly contri nonwithstandinges to elevated level of poverty, illiteracy and crime in city.Eventually an rudimentary phenomena experienced by city is the evolution of duality economies, where informal economic celestial sphere is lay downd by low- income groups. Even though employment generating capacity of Mumbai attracts migrants, huge amount of jobs created in youthful years have mostly been the informal religious service sectors. Due to nature of informal service sector employment results in abysmal life bill condition. Workers those who are migrating from rural to urban areas forced to take up the informal service sector jobs because of lack of skill and education which leads into lower wages, poor standard of living and contri unlessed to proliferations of slums. Thus economy of city flourishes but social and physical aspects of city suffers degeneration.In analysing segregation there is an urgent bring to study and create for the impl ication of development tools such as zoning, urban renewal etc and how they narrow socio economic and spatial pattering of society. Most of time strengthened environment practitioners give signifi abidece to spatial integration without ciphering the structural aspects of segregations. A major reason behind failure in integrative efforts is lack of appreciation of the underlying socio economic structures of the segregated society.Gist and Fana observed that city dwellers are commutative in their struggle for social position and convenient location in city.Villaca (2001) considers social segregation as a dish through which the swiftness class control the process of urban land production. urban land considered as resource produced, yet which cannot be reproduced by human labour. (Castells, 1978),Treanor (1998) Claims that segregation is beyond supplying and zoning. Although urban unity, multifunctional cities, open interaction and classless societies are desirable. He believes that trying to cock disparate classes together is futile. Surely, this is the only true for society organized along classes.Conflicted Urbanization in Dharavi-In recent years Dharavi became iconic symbol of slums in Asia which is located at heart of Mumbai India. Covering 239 hectares and estimated population between 700,000 and 1 million concourse (BBC,2006 Sharma 2000). historically Dharavi evolved from small fishing small town that lived on swampy inlet which was supply by the Arabian Sea. Much changed for the kolis throughout Mumbais urbanization process. As they began to eccentric occupational dis arsement during the development of the city (Vora Palishikar, 2003173). Dharavi gradually constructed by its citizen through growing collection of waste and debris that effectively operated as in fill on top of the swamp (Urbanoligy 200812). As per current scenario Dharavi itself is make up of 85 nagars, all of which distinct showcase (Patel Arputhan 2007).Dharavi popularly known as a dirty accompanied by hazardous living condition without basic services. It is partly this but it much much.Dharvi is characterized by its inbred permanence, multiplicity, dynamism, density, scale and thus find itself at the heart of the challenging and passing contested debate over the present and future of the city.International developers, bureaucrats, put in agencies, civil society and social movements are gnarled in various confrontations over land, density, typology and right to live a decent life while market pressure and significant government towards becoming world class city as expressed through vision futuristic Dubai and snatch like mega scale projects and thus wiping out slums.Mukesh Mehta (Chairman, MM projects consultants) stated that, If Mumbai was loss to achieve its stated destiny of becoming a world-class metropolis, a rival to Chinas soaring Shanghai, how could that happen when every bit of open quadriceps was covered with these eyesores, these human dumps where no one paid taxes? If India were to become the ideal consumer society, it would have to develop a true middle class-and admit would be the engine. The slums would have to be reclaimed. Such circumstances enlarges window of opportunities for Lefebvrian slump to the city demand. Which is not about inclusion in structurally unequal, exploitative and insecure system but about democratising cities and their decision making process (Meyer 2009)Dharavi Redevelopment project proposal-Due to strategic location and the demographic pressure on island city, Dharavi appeared as eyesore for government and thus global transformative goals were particularize up for Dharvi. Eventually Dharavi redevelopment project (DRP) was introduced as integrated especial(a) preparedness area in 2004. State government hired intriguer Mr.Mukesh Mehta. He proposed several physical alterations for Dharvi with a vision substantiated by its celluloid and instrumental division of Dharavi into 5 sectors and all these 5 sectors to be administer to the five dollar bill different private developers with no reference to existing communities in Dharavi.At initial satge 57,000 families forget be rehabilitated into high rise trapping blocks. Each family entitled to 225 sqft of housing close to their current residences with indoor sanitation services. In return, for erecting the free constructions private developers will be awarded with well-favoured incentives to build for profit housing to be sold out at high market price. Proposal increase the floor space index finger for region which contributed to higher urban densities and adaptation of a spatial renewing from horizontal low rise slums to high rise podium style typology. Basically replacing informal closedowns with high rise developments irrespective of the vibrant economy and society.Announcement from DRP was issued by Maharastra Housing and Area Development trust (MHADA) in June 2007 and received with mixed emoti ons. The times of India reported, the initial site barter for bidding was to attract international interest from developers of the highest calibre, with an expression of interest from (EoI) cost 1 lakh, a minimum opening bid of Rs 1000 crore and over 4000 crore to be expected in profits (TNN, 2007). Initial document submitted by Architect Mukesh Mehta was hired by state government in which five developers plan was taken unanimously without any significant call citizens input (Patel Arputham, 2007).This massive mega project seems to be homogenous in its aims and modernistic in its vision, thus a grassroots movement has emerged.Socio economic integration possible or it is mission impossible-As megacity and flourishing economy Mumbai population continue to grow it always accompanied problem providing housing to people with good living conditions. So it is showd that high land cost arrange high density developments that cannot support communal service and open spaces for family liv ing. But Charles Correa Belapur project has proven the opposite.Most great cities were terrible places, but their inhabitants were prolong by the myth, the overall image with which a citys identity is inextricably fused. The constitute to handling urban expansion, was not decentralization and dispersal to rural hinterlands, but increasing the absorptive capacity of the metropolitan conglomeration (Charles Correa,2001)The major reason behind vast growth of Mumbai lay in sheer success of its mass transit system, the parallel local railway lines running across the north and south tip of the Mumbai which subsidized fares provides opportunities to grow beautifully. Migrants into Mumbai quickly localize sites adjacent to railway lines on which to establish new squatter gag rules, allowing them to open access to their job. Most of the migrants coming to Mumbai for job 40 per cent of them from village population was landless labour therefore giving them housing split to their job is futile. By subsidizing fares in effect you subsidise housing but another vital way of generating jobs is by designing small scale, high density housing that can build by using jolly traditional construction skills of ordinary mason and electrician. Doubling the height doesnt pronged the density, while the open spaces around high rises are wasted. We must know how big the number are in terms of dwelling required because it sends adrenalin through our system (Charles Correa, 2001)Artist village design by Architect Charles Correa is one of the projects of urban housing design solution as open theatre of operations project which help to make good feet in social interaction in different urban classes it generates sense of belong at the same time preserve traditional values and character of the place consequently crate identity of its own in urban era. Designers vision and innovative urban solution of low rise architecture and high density planning gives stimuli to concept of low ri se architecture with amenities and social integration through housing projects in urban era. The 55 hectors Artist mendtlement project of interesting mix of Goan air and Belapure city culture. Project was built for middle and lower income groups. Traditional building style which had been served from built environment in urban cities. Designers bring back the courtyard style traditional buildings which inherently have communal spaces built within their layout.Designers deep understanding of the nature of cities reflected in residential bunch together modules which are simple in design but relate with from each one other in complex way. This housing project introduces the fibre of life like village but sophistication of the city. Each cluster permits port of hyper local community feeling while at the same time each house integrated to the whole settlement at different levels. The hierarchy of entire project is organic.Artist village aimed to accommodate densities shut to achie ve by high rise still providing the environment and life style more closely associated with rural areas in India. Artist Village project have small site despite of that architect eradicate to provide every house with their own private open to slope terrace and shared courtyard. Project was designed by taking context of its occupants, such that resident going to alter it many ways, making it sincerely their own, therefore homes were designed to be free standing so resident can ply on to them as their families grow. Another major charge is houses were priced differently so it can appeal to wide variety of income group.Mumbai and Dharavi are under microscopic observation and analysis since 1990. An accumulative effort of institution, make-up and professionals amplify opportunities for Dharavi redevelopment.Dharvi as an example of urban mixite as ground field project, on one hand we can say it is informal settlement in Mumbai but on the other hand it is serious not informal sett lement but it is living, breeding and feeding organism. Urban form such as Dharavi not only provides shelter to its inhabitants but also fulfilled massive amount of economic opportunities to informal sector of Mumbai. Urban pattern and spatial organization of Dharavi is interrelation of activities of its inhabitants. Considering Dharvi inhabitant being take awayd in twenty-four hour period long economic activities and the contract of storage of young material, organization and distribution of goods, climate change are translated in architectural language of buildings in Dharavi. The integration of these grey economic activities makes Dharavi more personable for even world-wide famous designers.Most certainly Dharvai is not perfect place to live where lack of sanitation facilities, overcrowded streets, small houses, shelter hardly defend from sun, wind and rain, can be no mean to call it as liveable environment, despite of that Dharavi successfully revels mixite in urban social and economic environment is possible. Environment created by people for themselves where no superior planning strategies take place. Urban fabric of Dharavi shows that shops, workshops, small industries and senior citizens spaces, nurseries, schools, religious places can exist adjacent to each other.Unfortunately Mumbai city urban planners invite Shanghai as development model where traffic congestion, migration and increasing population, global economy used as excuses. Architect Mukesh Mehta claims that his redevelopment or makeover proposal for Dharavi integrate slum dwellers into main stream. If we give them surroundings that are reward they will live more dignified life.(AR.Mukesh Mehta Chairman, MM projects consultants) but on the other side slum dwellers thrown out of their homes with one day notice to find alternative housing, rendering close to million people homeless. The government authorities claim that housing in the form of council flats will be provided to residents, who can produce their documents of tenure in the city, hence question evolved for undocumented families. Most of the workers or occupants are landless and serving in informal service sector and undocumented although resident of the city from decades and add to success of city economy. Municipal authorities, policemen and politician have connived over the years to build slums and settle migrants to do vote bank politics. Such slums demolition and redevelopment project expanding the monopoly of the rich and excluding the low income groups who lack in semipolitical and social status.For better understanding of urban mixite in different geography, we need to get back to vernacular architecture and grass root settlement we should preserve soul, character and local culture of the city. Urban planner and designers need to understand hidden dynamics behind un-aesthetic faade. We need to study how they tightly packed still efficient to serve and living and working place at same time. New cityscape appears similar with each other and it is catchy to distinguish one from another resulting lacking of input of their localities.One could argue that Dharavi is in itself becoming a conceptual resource model, representing contested urbanism and slums rehabilitations. further as Los Angeles and Las Vegas have become urban ideologies, through Mike Daniss metropolis of Quartz and Venturis Learning from Las Vegas so too has Mumbai (Dharavi) become an international fat ground for debates and research (Dr.Camillo Boano)Conclusion-A vision without plan is a dreamA plan without vision is sheer drudgeryA vision with plan can change world.Adapted from the Mt.Abu DeclarationIf we consider city as a fabric then that fabric should twist with thread as equity,dignity,infrastructure(transportation,communication,water,sanitaion)quality food, affordable housing, clean air, employments, open spaces, recreational spaces. If we bewildered out to interwoven any one of thread consequently the quality of fabric will be poor.Through the discussion in this paper its evident that, any solution offered for attainment of integration should not be overlook social and economic realities. In recent years we see emerging patterns in society towards traditional planning that is inherently inclusive in nature.More pragmatic approach is essential to change planning theories to create societies that are socially healthy and balanced and whose inhabitants mutually benefits from propinquity to each other. Space planners need to carry out space planning meticulously that caters all social class more and more spaces should keep accessible in planning which promote social integration and back up for sustainable growth.Neighbourhood need to addressed appropriate socio-economic mix of residents, mix of races, ethnicity and income level contributes to reduce criminality. As urban designers we need to understand that neighbourhoods it just not physical space occupied by the people but its multidimensional spatial and temporal experience produces by communities, individual history and productive activities.Based on discussion in this paper quest are few recommendation to initiates and further integration as it relates to housing-Policies should be made to provide more subsidised low and support rental units to counter market.Policies should be made for private developers to ensure that they add low income group units with high income group.Planning focus should be set in such manner where urban district resident should involve in socio-economic and cultural activities.Fundamental changes are required to make neighbourhoods more functional by infusion of new building types, new life style, and developments of distinguishable neighbourhoods, integration of living and work places, replacement of problematic buildings with unusual buildings.